PNEUMONIA

Clinical Manifestation:
1. Hypertrophy of Mucous Membrane

• increase sputum production
• wheezing
• dyspnea
• cough
• rales
• rhonchi

2. Increase Capillary Permeability

• increase in fluid in ISC
• consolidation
• hypoxemia

3. Inflammation of the pleura

• chest pain
• pleural effussion
• dullness
• decreased breath sounds
• decreased vocal fremitus

4. Hypoventilation

• decreased chest expansion
• respiratory acidosis

5. Protective mechanism

• increased WBC
• increased respiration rate
• fever

Nursing Intervention:

1. Rest
2. Fluids
3. Incentive Spirometry
4. O2 therapy
5. Semi-fowler's position
6. Bronchial hygiene
7. Oral hygiene
8. Humidifier
9. Splint Chest when coughing
10. Monitor: sputum, chest x-ray, temperature
11. Pharmacotherapy: Antibiotics